The rivalry among competing firms tends to be more intense when?

The correct answer highlights the specific conditions under which competition becomes more intense among firms within an industry. When demand for a product grows slowly, it creates a zero-sum game—one firm's gain in customers directly translates to a loss for another. Coupled with the presence of powerful competitive strategies by some companies, this scenario heightens the stakes, as firms vie to attract customers in a stagnant market.

The aspect of having low switching costs for buyers further intensifies this rivalry. When switching costs are low, customers can easily change their preferences and loyalty from one firm to another, leading companies to invest heavily in marketing and innovation to retain or capture market share. Additionally, if the actions of any one company significantly impact others—because customer bases overlap or are tightly linked—firms will become even more aggressive in their strategies, resulting in a fierce competitive landscape.

In contrast, when products or services are strongly differentiated with robust buyer demand, competition can be less fierce because firms can cultivate loyal followings based on unique offerings. Rivals in such situations may focus on their niche markets rather than competing head-to-head. Likewise, a scenario where rivals are content with their market positions reduces the urgency to compete aggressively, as firms are satisfied with their current standing and less